„Hjálp:Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið“: Munur á milli breytinga

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> A

|-

| Spanish ''c'''a'''sa,'' French ''p'''a'''tte,'' German ''M'''a'''nn''

| For many English speakers, the first part of the ''ow'' sound in ''cow''. Found in some dialects of English in ''c'''a'''t'' or ''f'''a'''ther''.

|-

| German [[Aachen|'''''Aa'''chen'']], French ''g'''a'''re''

| Long [a].

| (With English, [ɐ] is normally written "[ʌ]".)

|-

| [[Finnish phonology|Finnish]] [[Väinö Linna|''Linn'''a''''']], Dutch ''b'''a'''d''

|

|-

| RP ''f'''a'''ther,'' French ''p'''â'''te''

| Long [ɑ].

| Nasalized [ɑ].

|-

| RP ''c'''o'''t

| Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.

|-

|

| Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When "[ʌ]" is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)

|-

| RP ''c'''a'''t

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> B

|-

| English '''''b'''a'''bb'''le''

|

|-

| Swahili '''''b'''wana

| Like a [b] said while swallowing.

|-

|

| Like the ''brrr'' sound made when cold.

|-

| Spanish ''la '''B'''amba''

| Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> C

|-

| Turkish '''''k'''ebap'' "[[kebab]]", Czech s'''t'''ín "shadow"

| Rather like English '''''t'''une'' (RP) or '''''c'''ute.'' Sometimes used for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.

|-

| German ''I'''ch'''''

| More y-like than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in '''''h'''uge''. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".

|-

| Mandarin '''''X'''i'an''

| More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English '''''sh'''e.''

|-

| see under [[#O|O]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> D

|-

| English '''''d'''i'''d'''''

|

|-

| Swahili '''''D'''o'''d'''oma''

| Like [d] said while swallowing.

|-

| English "har'''d'''er"

| Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| English '''''th'''e, ba'''th'''e''

|

|-

| English ''a'''dz'''e'', Italian '''''z'''ero''

|

|-

| English '''''j'''u'''dg'''e''

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> E

|-

| Spanish ''f'''e''';'' French ''cl'''é'''''

|

|-

| German ''Kl'''ee'''''

| Long [e]. Similar to English ''h'''e'''y'', before the y sets in.

|-

| English '''''a'''bove,'' Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] ''(thug)'' "thief"

| (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)

|

|-

| English ''b'''e'''t''

|

| Nasalized [ɛ].

|-

| RP ''b'''ir'''d'' (long)

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> F

|-

| English '''''f'''un''

|

|-

| see under [[#J|J]]

|

|-

| see under [[#J|J]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> G

|-

| English '''''g'''i'''g'''''

| (no different from the symbol "g")

|-

| Swahili ''U'''g'''anda''

| Like [ɡ] said while swallowing.

|-

|

| Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in ''[[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Gaddafi]].''<!--Needs verification-->

|-

| see under [[#Z|Z]]

| English ''bei'''g'''e.''

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> H

|-

| American English '''''h'''ouse''

|

|-

| English ''a'''h'''ead,'' when said quickly.

|

| The extra puff of air in English ''upp'' [tʰɒp] compared to ''supp'' [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].

|-

| Arabic محمد ''Mu'''h'''ammad''

| Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.

|-

| see under [[#U|U]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> I

|-

| French ''v'''i'''lle'', Spanish [[Valladolid|''Valladol'''i'''d'']]

|

|-

| English ''s'''ea'''''

| Long [i].

|-

| English ''s'''i'''t''

|

|-

| Russian ты "you"

| Often used for unstressed English ''ros'''e'''s.''

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> J

|-

| English '''''y'''es,'' German '''''J'''unge''

|

| Indicates a sound is more y-like.

|-

| Spanish ''ca'''y'''o'' (some dialects)

| Like [j], but stronger.

|-

| Turkish '''''g'''ör'' "see", Czech '''d'''íra "hole"

| Rather like English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) or ''ar'''g'''ue.'' Sometimes used for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.

|-

| Swahili '''''j'''ambo''

| Like [ɟ] said while swallowing.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> K

|-

| English ''ki'''ck''', s'''k'''ip''

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> L

|-

| English '''''l'''eaf''

|

|-

| English ''woo'''l'''''

| "Dark" el.

|-

| Zulu '''''hl'''ala'' "sit"

| Rather like [l] and [ʃ] or [l] and [θ] said together. Found in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] names like '''''Ll'''oyd'' and '''''Ll'''ywelyn'' and [[Nelson Mandela]]'s Xhosa name ''Roli'''hl'''a'''hl'''a.''

|-

|

| Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

|

| A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example.-->

|-

| Zulu '''''dl'''a'' "eat"

| Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> M

|-

| English '''''m'''i'''m'''e''

|

|-

| English ''sy'''m'''phony''

| Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].

|

|-

| see under [[#W|W]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> N

|-

| English '''''n'''u'''n'''''

|

|-

| English ''si'''ng'''''

|

|-

| Spanish ''Pe'''ñ'''a,'' French ''champa'''gn'''e''

| Rather like English ''ca'''ny'''on.''

|-

| Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] [[Varuna|"Varuna"]]

| Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| Castilian Spanish ''Do'''n''' Juan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}

| Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> O

|-

| Spanish ''n'''o''','' French '''''eau'''''

|

|-

| German ''B'''o'''den'', French [[Vosges|''V'''o'''sges'']]

| Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English ''n'''o'''.''

|-

| German [[Oldenburg (disambiguation)|'''''O'''ldenburg'']], French [[Garonne|''Gar'''o'''nne'']]

|

|-

| RP ''l'''aw''''', French [[Limoges|''Lim'''o'''ges'']]

| Long [ɔ].

| Nasalized [ɔ].

|-

| French ''f'''eu''''', ''b'''œu'''fs''

| Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].

|-

| German [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|''G'''oe'''the'']], French [[Deûle|''D'''eû'''le'']], ''n'''eu'''tre''

| Long [ø].

|-

| French ''b'''œu'''f'', ''s'''eu'''l'', German [[Göttingen|''G'''ö'''ttingen'']]

| Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].

|-

| French '''''œu'''vre'', ''h'''eu'''re''

| Long [œ].

| Nasalized [œ].

|-

| English '''''th'''igh, ba'''th'''''

|

|-

| Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] ''[[Mount Fuji|'''F'''uji]]''

| Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> P

|-

| English ''pi'''p''', s'''p'''it''

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> Q

|-

| Arabic ''[[Qur'an|'''Q'''ur’ān]]''

| Like [k], but further back, in the throat.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> R

|-

| Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o,'' Scots ''bo'''rr'''ow''

| "Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)

|-

| Spanish ''pe'''r'''o,'' American English ''ki'''tt'''y/ki'''dd'''ie''

| "Flapped R".

|-

|

| A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.

|-

| Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"

| Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.

|-

| RP ''bo'''rr'''ow''

| <!--This is not the sound or ''run,'' which is [ɹʷ].-->

|-

| American English ''bo'''rr'''ow, butt'''er'''''

| Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.

|-

| French ''[[Paris|Pa'''r'''is]]'', German [[Bernhard Riemann|'''''R'''iemann'']]

| Said back in the throat, but not trilled.

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> S

|-

| English '''''s'''a'''ss'''''

|

|-

| English '''sh'''e

|

|-

| Mandarin ''[[Shaolin Monastery|'''Sh'''àolín]],'' Russian [[Alexander Pushkin|Пу'''ш'''кин ''(Pu'''sh'''kin)'']]

| Acoustically similar to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.<br>

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> T

|-

| English ''to'''t''', s'''t'''op''

|

|-

| Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] ''(thug)'' "thief"

| Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| English ''ca'''ts''','' Russian '''ц'''арь '''''ts'''ar''

|

|-

| style="padding-left: 16px" |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|<big>[&nbsp;tɕ&nbsp;]</big>]]&nbsp;{{ref|t|2|noid=noid}}

| Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.

|-

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> U

|-

| French ''v'''ou'''s'' "you"

|

|-

| RP ''f'''oo'''d'', French [[Rocquencourt|''Rocquenc'''ou'''rt'']], German [[Michael Schumacher|''Sch'''u'''macher'']]

| Long [u].

|-

| English ''f'''oo'''t'', German ''B'''u'''ndesrepublik''

|

|-

| Australian English ''f'''oo'''d'' (long)

| Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].

|-

| French ''l'''u'''i''

| Like [j] and [w] said together.

|-

| see under [[#W|W]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> V

|-

| English '''''v'''er'''ve'''''

|

|-

| Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] [[Varuna|"Varuna"]]

| Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for ''v/w'', and by some speakers of British English for ''r''.

|-

| Arabic / Swahili '''''gh'''ali'' "expensive"

| Sounds rather like French [ʁ].

|-

| Mandarin ''[[Henan|H'''é'''nán]]''

| Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> W

|-

| English '''''w'''ow''

|

| Indicates a sound has lip rounding, ''q'''u'''ick.''

|-

| '''''wh'''at'' (some dialects)

| like [h] and [w] said together

|-

| Turkish ''kay'''ı'''k'' "caïque"

| Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example-->

|-

| Spanish ''a'''g'''ua''

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> X

|-

| Scottish English ''lo'''ch''''', German ''[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Ba'''ch''']],'' Russian '''х'''ороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good"

|

|-

| [[Dutch phonology|Dutch]] [[Scheveningen|''S'''ch'''eveningen'']], Castilian Spanish ''Don '''J'''uan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}

| Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> Y

|-

| French ''r'''u'''e''

| Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].

|-

| German [[Bernhard von Bülow|''B'''ü'''low'']], French ''s'''û'''r''

| Long [y].

|-

| German [[Eisenhüttenstadt|''Eisenh'''ü'''ttenstadt'']]

| Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].

|-

| Spanish '''''ll'''ama'' (Castilian)

| More y-like than [l]. Rather like English ''mi'''lli'''on.''

|-

| see under [[#U|U]]

|

|-

| see under [[#V|V]]

|

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> Z

|-

| English '''''z'''oo'''s'''''

|

|-

| English ''vi'''si'''on,'' French '''''j'''ournal''

|

|-

| formal Russian '''жж'''ёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn"

| More y-like than [ʒ], something like ''bei'''ge'''y.''

|-

| Mandarin 人民日报 '''''R'''énmín '''R'''ìbào'' "People's Daily", Russian '''ж'''урнал "journal"

| Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back .

! colspan="3" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#upp|^ upp]]</div> other

|-

| English ''uh-oh, Hawai'''‘'''i,'' German

| The 'glottal supp', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in ''bu'''tt'''on'' [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: ''Deus ex machina'' [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; for some Americans, in ''a apple'' [ʌˈʔæpl̩].

|-

| Arabic عربي ''(^'''c'''arabī)'' "Arabic"

| A subtle sound deep in the throat.

|-

| English ''tsk-tsk!'' or ''tut-tut!,'' Zulu ''i'''c'''i'''c'''i'' "earring"

| (The English click used for disapproval.) The Zimbabwean MP [[Welshman Ncube|N'''c'''ube]] has this click in his name.

|-

| English ''tchick! tchick!,'' Zulu ''i'''x'''o'''x'''o'' "frog"

| (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Found in the name of the [[Xhosa|'''X'''hosa]].

|-

| Zulu ''i'''q'''a'''q'''a'' "polecat"

| A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle.

|}